Knee Replacement: An Overview

Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that involves replacing a damaged or worn-out knee joint with an artificial one. This surgery is often recommended for individuals suffering from severe knee pain and stiffness due to arthritis, injury, or degenerative joint disease. Knee replacement can significantly improve mobility and quality of life when other treatments have not provided relief.

Condition Name:
Knee Replacement (Knee Arthroplasty)

Also Known As:
Total Knee Replacement (TKR), Partial Knee Replacement (PKR)

Symptoms Leading to Knee Replacement:
- Severe knee pain, especially during activity or at rest
- Chronic knee inflammation and swelling
- Limited range of motion in the knee joint
- Stiffness in the knee, making it difficult to sit, stand, or walk
- Difficulty climbing stairs or performing everyday tasks
- Persistent pain despite treatments like medication, physical therapy, or injections

Causes:
- Osteoarthritis: The most common reason for knee replacement, this degenerative condition wears down cartilage and bone, leading to pain and stiffness.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and damage.
- Post-traumatic arthritis: Knee damage from injury or trauma can lead to arthritis over time.
- Meniscus or ligament tears: Severe knee injuries can accelerate joint deterioration.
- Bone deformities: Conditions like bowed legs or knock knees can increase wear and tear on the joint.
- Avascular necrosis: Lack of blood supply to the knee bone causes tissue death and joint deterioration.

Diagnosis:
- Physical examination: A doctor will assess joint mobility, pain, and the knee's alignment.
- Imaging tests: X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans are used to evaluate the extent of joint damage and determine if replacement is necessary.
- Medical history: Reviewing previous treatments, pain levels, and daily function to determine the need for surgery.

Treated by:
Orthopedic surgeon, Joint replacement specialist

Treatment Options:
Knee replacement surgery is often considered when conservative treatments like physical therapy, medications, or injections fail to alleviate symptoms. There are two main types of knee replacement surgeries: total and partial.

- Non-surgical treatments:
  - Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs or pain relievers to manage symptoms.
  - Physical therapy: Exercises to strengthen muscles and improve knee mobility.
  - Corticosteroid injections: To reduce inflammation and pain in the knee.
  - Weight management: To lessen the pressure on the knee joint.
  - Knee braces or supports: To stabilize the knee and relieve pressure.

- Surgical treatments:
  - Total Knee Replacement (TKR): The entire knee joint is replaced with metal and plastic components.
  - Partial Knee Replacement (PKR): Only the damaged part of the knee is replaced, leaving healthy areas intact.
  - Robotic-assisted knee replacement: Uses advanced technology for more precise alignment and placement of the artificial joint.
  - Revision knee replacement: In cases where a previous knee replacement wears out or fails, a second surgery may be needed to replace the artificial joint.

What is Knee Replacement?

Knee replacement surgery involves removing damaged cartilage and bone from the surface of the knee joint and replacing them with an artificial joint made of metal alloys, plastics, and polymers. This procedure is often recommended for patients who suffer from severe knee pain and stiffness caused by arthritis, injuries, or wear and tear. Total knee replacement replaces the entire joint, while partial knee replacement replaces only the damaged part of the knee.

Commonly Affected Groups:
- Older adults, especially those over 60 years of age
- Individuals with severe osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
- Patients with significant joint damage from injury or trauma
- People with chronic knee pain that limits daily activities and quality of life
- Those who have tried non-surgical treatments without success

Results and Recovery:
Knee replacement surgery is highly effective at reducing pain and restoring mobility. Most patients can resume everyday activities within 4-6 weeks after surgery, although full recovery may take several months. Physical therapy is crucial in regaining strength and flexibility. Artificial knees typically last 15-20 years, and many patients experience long-term improvement in mobility and quality of life.

Prevention:
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the knee joint.
- Engage in regular low-impact exercises like swimming, cycling, or walking.
- Strengthen leg muscles to support the knee joint and improve flexibility.
- Avoid high-impact sports or activities that could lead to knee injuries.
- Wear proper footwear to support knee alignment and reduce joint strain.
- Seek early treatment for knee injuries or arthritis symptoms to slow joint deterioration.

Knee replacement surgery can be life-changing for individuals with severe knee pain and limited mobility. With modern surgical techniques and prosthetics, patients can enjoy long-lasting relief and significantly improved joint function, allowing them to return to their daily activities with reduced pain.