Varicose Veins: An Overview

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that appear just under the surface of the skin, most commonly in the legs. They occur when the valves in the veins that help regulate blood flow weaken, causing blood to pool and veins to swell. Varicose veins are not just a cosmetic issue but can also cause discomfort, pain, and other complications if left untreated.

Condition Name:
Varicose Veins

Also Known As:
Spider Veins (smaller, milder version), Varicosities

Symptoms:
- Swollen, twisted, and bulging veins visible under the skin
- Aching or heavy feeling in the legs
- Burning, throbbing, or cramping in the legs
- Swelling in the lower legs and ankles
- Itching around the veins
- Skin discoloration around the affected area
- Pain after long periods of sitting or standing

Causes:
- Weak or damaged valves in the veins
- Prolonged standing or sitting
- Pregnancy (due to increased pressure on the veins)
- Obesity, which increases pressure on the leg veins
- Family history of varicose veins
- Aging, which causes wear and tear on vein valves
- Hormonal changes (such as menopause or birth control pills)
- Injury or trauma to the veins

Diagnosis:
- Physical examination: Doctors will visually inspect the legs for swollen veins and check for signs of discomfort or skin changes.
- Ultrasound: A non-invasive test to check how blood is flowing through the veins and to identify any blockages or valve issues.
- Venography: In rare cases, dye is injected into the veins to provide a detailed view of blood flow and any abnormalities.

Treated by:
Vascular surgeon, Phlebologist, Dermatologist

Treatment Options:
Treatment for varicose veins aims to reduce discomfort, improve the appearance of the veins, and prevent complications. Depending on the severity of the condition, both non-surgical and surgical treatments are available.

- Non-surgical treatments:
  - Compression stockings: Specially designed stockings that help improve circulation and reduce swelling.
  - Lifestyle changes: Weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting can help alleviate symptoms.
  - Sclerotherapy: A solution is injected into the veins, causing them to close and eventually fade.
  - Laser therapy: External or internal laser treatments are used to close off smaller varicose veins.

- Surgical treatments:
  - Vein stripping and ligation: Removal of large varicose veins through small incisions.
  - Endovenous laser treatment (EVLT): A laser fiber is inserted into the vein to heat and close it off.
  - Radiofrequency ablation: A catheter is inserted into the vein, and heat is used to close the vein.
  - Ambulatory phlebectomy: Smaller varicose veins are removed through tiny incisions.

What Are Varicose Veins?

Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that occur when blood pools in the veins due to weakened valves. Most commonly found in the legs, they can cause discomfort, pain, and aesthetic concerns. While varicose veins are more common in older adults and pregnant women, they can affect anyone with risk factors like prolonged standing, obesity, or a family history of the condition. 

Commonly Affected Groups:
- Middle-aged or older adults
- Pregnant women
- Individuals with a family history of varicose veins
- People who stand or sit for long periods (e.g., nurses, teachers, office workers)
- Overweight or obese individuals
- People with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Results and Recovery:
Many varicose veins treatments are minimally invasive and have a short recovery period. Non-surgical options like compression stockings and lifestyle changes can provide relief for mild cases, while surgical procedures such as vein stripping or laser treatment can offer permanent solutions. Most patients can return to regular activities within days to weeks following treatment. Recurrence is possible, so long-term management may be necessary.

Prevention:
- Maintain a healthy weight and active lifestyle.
- Avoid standing or sitting for long periods.
- Elevate your legs regularly to improve circulation.
- Wear compression stockings if you are prone to varicose veins or have a family history.
- Avoid crossing your legs while sitting.
- Eat a high-fiber diet to prevent constipation, which can increase pressure on the veins.

Varicose veins are a common condition but can be effectively managed with lifestyle changes, medical treatment, and preventive care. Early intervention can help reduce symptoms and prevent complications, allowing for better quality of life and improved leg health.